Study Smarter, Not Harder – Daily PDFs & Notes Free!

Study Smarter, Not Harder – Daily PDFs & Notes Free!

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Featured Flashcards

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MATHS

Percentage

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Basic Concept

  • Value expressed as a fraction of 100.
  • Formula: ValueTotal × 100
  • Base for Profit, Loss, and SI-CI.
  • Essential for data interpretation.
  • Used to compare unequal scales.
MATHS

Profit & Loss

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Key Formulas

  • Profit occurs when SP > CP.
  • Loss occurs when CP > SP.
  • Profit % = ProfitCP × 100
  • Discount is calculated on MP.
  • Vital for business arithmetic.
MATHS

Ratio & Proportion

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Comparison

  • Compares two quantities by division.
  • Simplest form is written as a:b.
  • Proportion: ab = cd (ad=bc).
  • Used in partnership problems.
  • Handles mixtures and allegations.
MATHS

Average

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Mean Value

  • Central value of a data group.
  • Formula: Sum of TermsNo. of Terms
  • Distributes total value equally.
  • Also called the Arithmetic Mean.
  • Used to find overall performance.
REASONING

Syllogism

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Logical Logic

  • Deduction based on premises.
  • Uses 'All', 'Some', or 'No'.
  • Venn Diagrams are best for solving.
  • Checks validity of conclusions.
  • Tests pure analytical thinking.
REASONING

Blood Relations

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Family Tree

  • Mapping links between members.
  • Use generations-based charts.
  • +/- signs for Male and Female.
  • Always start from 'Self' or 'Me'.
  • Solves complex family puzzles.
REASONING

Coding-Decoding

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Patterns

  • Words hidden using specific rules.
  • Identify letter shifts (+n/-n).
  • Opposite pairs (A-Z, B-Y, etc.).
  • Learn letter ranks (E-J-O-T-Y).
  • Tests logic identification speed.
REASONING

Number Series

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Sequences

  • Finding logic in a list of numbers.
  • Check Square, Cube, or Primes.
  • Difference or Double Difference.
  • Identify the wrong/missing term.
  • Tests numerical observation skills.
ENGLISH

Tenses

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Time Frames

  • Shows when an action happens.
  • 3 Types: Past, Present, Future.
    1. Simple
    2. Continuous
    3. Perfect
    4. Perfect Continuous
  • Changes based on the timeline.
  • Skeleton of sentence structure.
ENGLISH

Active-Passive

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Voice Change

  • Active: Subject performs action.
  • Passive: Focus is on the object.
  • V3 (Past Participle) is mandatory.
  • 'By' is used before the doer.
  • Essential for formal writing.
ENGLISH

Subject-Verb

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Agreement

  • Subject/Verb must match in count.
  • Singular Subject = Singular Verb.
  • Plural Subject = Plural Verb.
  • Core rule for error detection.
  • Prevents grammatical confusion.
ENGLISH

Idioms

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Phrases

  • Meaning is never literal.
  • Metaphorical way to speak.
  • 'Bite the bullet' (Face pain).
  • 'Cold shoulder' (Ignore).
  • Makes language more expressive.
HISTORY

Indus Valley

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Ancient India

  • First urban civilization in India.
  • Famous for grid-system streets.
  • Burnt bricks & drainage systems.
  • Sites: Harappa & Mohenjo-daro.
  • Known for overseas trade links.
HISTORY

Mauryan Empire

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Dynasty

  • First pan-India major empire.
  • Founded by Chandragupta Maurya.
  • Chanakya was the prime mentor.
  • Ashoka promoted Dhamma & Peace.
  • Known for Rock & Pillar Edicts.
HISTORY

Mughal Empire

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Medieval Era

  • Started by Babur in 1526 AD.
  • Akbar established central rule.
  • Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal.
  • Mansabdari system introduced.
  • Blend of Persian & Indian art.
HISTORY

Freedom Struggle

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Modern India

  • 1857: First war against British.
  • Gandhi led non-violent path.
  • 1942: Quit India Movement.
  • Freedom on 15th August 1947.
  • Based on millions of sacrifices.
GEOGRAPHY

Solar System

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The Cosmos

  • Sun is the center of gravity.
  • 8 planets and many dwarf ones.
  • Venus is the hottest planet.
  • Jupiter is the largest giant.
  • Mars is the famous Red Planet.
GEOGRAPHY

Atmosphere

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Air Layers

  • Troposphere: All weather lives.
  • Stratosphere: Ozone layer sits.
  • Mesosphere: Coldest layer.
  • Ionosphere: Reflects radio signals.
  • Protects from solar radiation.
GEOGRAPHY

Indian Rivers

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Waterways

  • Ganga is the longest (2525km).
  • Himalayan rivers flow always.
  • Peninsular rivers are seasonal.
  • Brahmaputra brings max volume.
  • Godavari: The 'Dakshin Ganga'.
GEOGRAPHY

Earth Interior

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Structure

  • Crust: Solid outer rocky shell.
  • Mantle: Largest semi-solid part.
  • Core: Made of Nickel & Iron.
  • Magnetic field starts in core.
  • Tectonic plates float on mantle.
POLITY

Preamble

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Identity Card

  • Soul of the Indian Constitution.
  • Sovereign, Socialist, Secular.
  • Based on Objective Resolution.
  • Justice, Liberty, and Equality.
  • Summary of the entire document.
POLITY

Fundamental Rights

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Part III

  • Articles 12 to 35 defined.
  • Legally enforceable in courts.
  • Art 32: Constitutional Remedy.
  • Protects citizen's freedoms.
  • Borrowed from US Constitution.
POLITY

The President

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Executive Head

  • First Citizen of India.
  • Supreme Commander of Forces.
  • Art 72: Power to grant pardon.
  • Nominal head, acts on advice.
  • Appoints PM and Union Ministers.
POLITY

Panchayati Raj

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Local Govt

  • 73rd Amendment Act, 1992.
  • 3-Tier: Gram, Block, District.
  • Grassroots level democracy.
  • Ensures social justice locally.
  • States must conduct elections.
ECONOMICS

GDP

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Definition

  • Market value of all final goods.
  • Measured inside country borders.
  • Indicators of economic growth.
  • Real GDP accounts for inflation.
  • Calculated by NSO in India.
ECONOMICS

Inflation

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Price Rise

  • General increase in prices.
  • Loss of currency value.
  • Measured by CPI and WPI.
  • RBI target is usually 4% +/- 2%.
  • Hurt savings but helps growth.
ECONOMICS

The RBI

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Central Bank

  • Founded on 1st April, 1935.
  • Banker to the Govt of India.
  • Issues currency notes (Rs 2-2000).
  • Regulates all commercial banks.
  • Manages India's Forex reserves.
ECONOMICS

NITI Aayog

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Think Tank

  • Formed on 1st January, 2015.
  • Replaced Planning Commission.
  • Follows a Bottom-Up approach.
  • PM is the Ex-officio Chairman.
  • Promotes Cooperative Federalism.
ENVIRONMENT

Biodiversity

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Ecology

  • Total variety of life forms.
  • Essential for food security.
  • Maintains oxygen & water cycle.
  • Threatened by climate change.
  • India has 4 global hotspots.
ENVIRONMENT

Food Chain

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Energy Flow

  • Linear flow of who eats whom.
  • Producers are always plants.
  • Decomposers clean up waste.
  • 10% energy law applies here.
  • Web of many chains = Food Web.
ENVIRONMENT

Ozone Layer

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Shielding

  • Found in the Stratosphere.
  • Filters harmful UV radiation.
  • Montreal Protocol protects it.
  • Damaged by CFC and Halons.
  • Prevents cancer and cataracts.
ENVIRONMENT

Climate Change

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Global Crisis

  • Driven by greenhouse gases.
  • Melts glaciers and polar ice.
  • Causes extreme weather events.
  • Paris Agreement sets targets.
  • Needs shifting to solar/wind.
SCIENCE

Photo-synthesis

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Plant Life

  • Sunlight to chemical energy.
  • Occurs in Chloroplasts.
  • 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
  • Requires green Chlorophyll.
  • Basis for all life on Earth.
SCIENCE

Newton's 2nd Law

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Physics Law

  • Formula: Force = Mass × Acceleration
  • Explains how objects move.
  • Force unit is the Newton (N).
  • Mass remains constant always.
  • Foundational to engineering.
SCIENCE

Mitochondria

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Cell Unit

  • Powerhouse of the living cell.
  • Creates energy in ATP form.
  • Has its own circular DNA.
  • Performs aerobic respiration.
  • Found in animals and plants.
SCIENCE

Chemical Bonds

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Chemistry

  • Ionic: Giving away electrons.
  • Covalent: Sharing electrons.
  • Holds atoms together in matter.
  • Releases/Absorbs energy.
  • Determines boiling points.
STATIC GK

National Parks

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Wild Reserves

  • Jim Corbett is the oldest.
  • Kaziranga: One-horned Rhino.
  • Gir: Only home of Asiatic Lion.
  • Hemis is the largest park.
  • Protects India's biodiversity.
STATIC GK

Classical Dance

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Cultures

  • 8 major styles recognized.
  • Bharatnatyam: Tamil Nadu.
  • Kathak: Northern Indian.
  • Sattriya: Assam's heritage.
  • Tells stories through mudras.
STATIC GK

UNESCO Sites

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Heritage

  • India has over 40+ sites.
  • Includes Taj Mahal & Hampi.
  • Mix of Natural and Cultural.
  • Protects global history gems.
  • Managed by a UN body.
STATIC GK

Important Days

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Key Events

  • June 5: World Environment Day.
  • June 21: International Yoga Day.
  • April 22: Earth Day awareness.
  • Dec 10: Human Rights Day.
  • Focuses on global awareness.